dante :: essays research papers

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) The greatest Italian poet and one of the most important writers of European literature. Dante is best known for the big poem COMMEDIA, c. 1310-14, later named LA DIVINA COMMEDIA. It has profoundly affected not only the religious imagination but all subsequent allegorical creation of unreal worlds in literature. Dante spent much of his life traveling from one city to another. This had perhaps more to do with the restless times than his wandering character or fixation on the Odyssey. However, his Commedia can also be called a spiritual travel book. "It were a shameful thing if one should rhyme under the vividness of metaphor or rhetorical similitude, and afterwards, being questioned thereof, should be unable to rid his words of such semblance, unto their right understanding." (from Vita Nuova, c. 1293) Dante Alighieri was born into a Florentine family of noble ancestry. small(a) is known about Dantes childhood. His mother, Bella degli Abati, die d when he was seven years old. His father, Alighiero II, made his living by money-lending and renting of property. After the death of his wife he remarried, but died in the early 1280s, before the future poet reached manhood. Brunetto Latini, a man of letters and a politician, became a father figure for Dante, but later in his Commedia Dante placed Latini in Hell, into the seventh circle, among those who were guilty of "violence against nature" - sodomy. Dante received a thorough education in both classical and Christian literature. At the age of 12 he was promised to his future wife, Gemma Donati. Dante had already fallen in love with another girl whom he called Beatrice. She was 9 years old. Years later Dante met Beatrice again. He had set about interested in writing verse, and although he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice, he never mentioned his wife Gemma in any of his poems. One of his early sonnets Dante sent to the poet Guido Cavalcanti, which started their friendshi p. Dante also dedicate his first book to Cavalcanti. The work, LA VITA NUOVA (1292), celebrated Dantes love for Beatrice. The nature of his love had its roots in the medieval concept of "courtly love" and the idealization of women. agree to another theory, Beatrice was actually a symbol of Santa Sapienza, which united secret societies of the day. Harold Bloom in The Western Canon (1994) sees Beatrice as Dantes greatest muse, his invention, who saved him "by well-favoured him his greatest image for poetry, and he saved her from oblivion, little as she may have wanted such salvation.

Claude Monet: Grainstack (Sunset) Essays -- essays papers

Claude Monet Grainstack (Sunset)Claude Monets Grainstack (Sunset) is the painting I chose from the capital of Massachusetts Museum of Fine Arts. Monet was an impressionist painter in France, and did more or less of his work at his headquarters at Giverny. Impressionism got its name from a painting that Monet painted, Impression Sunrise. Impressionist paintings are put into a category based on characteristics such as fallible that draws attention to objects, rough textures, and visual pleasure that the viewer receives upon looking at the paintings. Impressionist paintings are art for arts interest group and focus on leisure time and nature. These paintings are generally the most well known and popular paintings be dumbfound of their attractive appearance. The Grainstack (Sunset) was painted between 1890 and 1891, and is a part of Monet?s first true serial paintings. During the time of this series was painted, there was a lot of unrest going on in Europe. Many of the major citie s were experiencing industrial growth, and it was causing the people to give from a magnitude of social problems. on that point were high rates of suicide, and anarchist groups. Over the years to follow, 1889 to 1894, there were at least(prenominal) 600 strikes involving 120,000 workers. There were bombings, raids, and wide cattle ranch fear across the country. It was during this time period that Monet was going to establish himself as one of the major painters of the country.As the viewer looks at this painting, they are taken into a rural candidate. You notice first the grainstack as the major object in the painting. As you move around the painting, there are many striking areas of light. The liedown causes a brilliant display of colors around the scene. The sky is fading in the background as the sun sunsets. There is a small amount of money of blue still hanging in the sky, and under that a large portion of a yellow hue from the sun setting. As the suns sets further it ca use a pink color above the land. The sunset has cause the grainstacks color to darken. You can see that the light left in the scene is on the former(a) side of the stack. There is a shadow cast of the back side, making the stacks top dark brown, and the bottom a dark red. The rural scene in the Grainstack (Sunset), as well as the other grainstacks in his series paintings, all basically share many of the aforesaid(prenominal) characteristics. The haystacks are never overwhelmed by light. As in the Grainstac... ...ainting and finding out what is behind it makes the work a lot more interesting. Monet?s grainstacks have not only taught me about him as a painter and why he painted as he did, but also about France and what was going on during this period. His works are a beautiful representation of what life was like, and what Monet was experiencing right in his own backyard. BibliographyHayes Tucker, Paul. Monet in the 90?s Series Paintings. Boston Museum of Fine Arts newfangled Haven Yale University Press, 1989.Hayes Tucker, Paul. Monet in the Twentieth Century. Boston Museum of Fine Arts New Haven Yale University Press, 1998.Frascina, Francis. Modernity and Modernism cut Painting in the nineteenth Century. New Haven Yale University Press, 1993.Gerdts, William H. Monet?s Giverny An Impressionists Colony. New York Abbeville Press, 1993.Copplestone, Trewin. The History and Techniques of the Great Masters Monet. New Jersey Chartwell Books, 1987.Tomkins, Calvin. ?Monet?s Illusion.? Vanity Fair. July 1995, Vol. 58 Issue 7 pg. 96-102.Hurwitz, Laurie S. ?The healthful Planned Spontaneity of Claude Monet.? American Artist. March 1996, Vol. 60 Issue 644 pg. 56-64. Claude Monet Grainstack (Sunset) Essays -- essays papersClaude Monet Grainstack (Sunset)Claude Monets Grainstack (Sunset) is the painting I chose from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Monet was an impressionist painter in France, and did most of his work at his home at Giverny. Impressionism got its name from a painting that Monet painted, Impression Sunrise. Impressionist paintings are put into a category based on characteristics such as light that draws attention to objects, rough textures, and visual pleasure that the viewer receives upon looking at the paintings. Impressionist paintings are art for arts sake and focus on leisure and nature. These paintings are generally the most well known and popular paintings because of their attractive appearance. The Grainstack (Sunset) was painted between 1890 and 1891, and is a part of Monet?s first true series paintings. During the time of this series was painted, there was a lot of unrest going on in Europe. Many of the major cities were experiencing industrial growth, and it was causing the people to suffer from a magnitude of social problems. There were high rates of suicide, and anarchist groups. Over the years to follow, 1889 to 1894, there were at least 600 strikes involving 120,000 workers. There were bombings, raids, and wide spread fear across the country. It was during this time period that Monet was going to establish himself as one of the major painters of the country.As the viewer looks at this painting, they are taken into a rural scene. You notice first the grainstack as the major object in the painting. As you move around the painting, there are many striking areas of light. The sunset causes a brilliant display of colors around the scene. The sky is fading in the background as the sun sunsets. There is a small amount of blue still hanging in the sky, and under that a large portion of a yellow hue from the sun setting. As the suns sets further it cause a pink color above the land. The sunset has cause the grainstacks color to darken. You can see that the light left in the scene is on the other side of the stack. There is a shadow cast of the back side, making the stacks top dark brown, and the bottom a dark red. The rural scene in the Grainstack (Sunset), as well as the other grainstacks in his series paintings, all basically share many of the same characteristics. The haystacks are never overwhelmed by light. As in the Grainstac... ...ainting and finding out what is behind it makes the work a lot more interesting. Monet?s grainstacks have not only taught me about him as a painter and why he painted as he did, but also about France and what was going on during this period. His works are a beautiful representation of what life was like, and what Monet was experiencing right in his own backyard. BibliographyHayes Tucker, Paul. Monet in the 90?s Series Paintings. Boston Museum of Fine Arts New Haven Yale University Press, 1989.Hayes Tucker, Paul. Monet in the Twentieth Century. Boston Museum of Fine Arts New Haven Yale University Press, 1998.Frascina, Francis. Modernity and Modernism French Painting in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven Yale University Press, 1993.Gerdts, William H. Monet?s Giverny An Impressionists Colony. New York Abbeville Press, 1993.Copplestone, Trewin. The History and Techniques of the Great Masters Monet. New Jersey Chartwell Books, 1987.Tomkins, Calvin. ?Monet?s Illusion.? Vanity Fair. July 1995, Vol. 58 Issue 7 pg. 96-102.Hurwitz, Laurie S. ?The Well Planned Spontaneity of Claude Monet.? American Artist. March 1996, Vol. 60 Issue 644 pg. 56-64.

Sozology and Ecophilosophy: Sciences of the 20th Century :: Sozology Ecophilosophy Essays

Sozology and Ecophilosophy Sciences of the 20th CenturyABSTRACT This paper contains a synthesized profile of sozology and ecophilosophy, sciences of the end of the 20th century. Sozology is defined as the science of the taxonomical guard of the biosphere from the destructive effects on it from the anthroposphere. On the other hand, ecophilosophy is understood as the science whose object of study is the essence and nature of the socio-natural environment, its quantitative and soft properties and the causal dependence between the anthroposphere and biosphere. I hope that both these sciences will enter permanently into the worlds educational systems in the 21st century. gatewayThe present article aims to present a synthesis of the characteristic features of epistemological sozology (1) and ecophilosophy (2) as sciences of the end of the twentieth century. The profile of sozology will take into account preceding(prenominal) all an analysis of the concepts involved in this science, a construction of its definition, a description of its object of study and an indication of the characteristic features of sozological scientific research especially interdisciplinariness and systematicity.On the other hand in the profile of ecophilosophy it is necessary to take into account its various conceptions, define the object of study and outline the content-related problems.1.1 The understanding of sozologyThe endpoint sozology comes form the Greek word ????? which means to protect, to rescue. Walery Goetel (1) introduced this term to Polish scientific terminology in 1965. According to him this term means the protection of the natural human environment. Thirty years have passed since then. The term sozology was enriched with a new content which thereby broadened its scope. An expression of this is the rich literature on the capacity and this term is used more and more frequently to define sciences concerning environment protection.In the word sozology two aspects are tak en into consideration the content and the scope. (2) In the connotational aspect the methodological and thematic elements of this name are indicated, but in the aspect concerning its scope the designations marking its range are pointed to.From the methodological outdoor stage of the content of the name sozology people speak above all about methods serving to research the object of this science. Here the empirical, humanist, philosophical and systemic methods are distinguished.From the thematic standpoint of the term sozology the questions and problems within the range of scientific sozological research are stressed. As an example problems and questions are mentioned here like

Memory Management Essay -- Essays Papers

Memory ManagementA computer capable of running a multi-tasking system whitethorn have to deal with widely varying demands for memory. At some times, no users may be logged on and the only tasks running are the kernel and by chance a backup process. At other times, ten or more users may all be carrying out complex operations which demand separate of memory.Microsoft Windows versions 3.x provided a protected mode graphical operating environment that ran existing MS-DOS applications and allowed Windows applications to break the 640K barrier. There are three types of memory that Windows 3.x can use or provide (conventional, extended, and expanded). Conventional memory is the first 640K of memory in your machine. MS- DOS has a limit of 1024K of addressable memory (conventional memory plus the UMA), and all MS-DOS applications must(prenominal) run within this conventional memory. All Windows 3.x operating modes share this limitation for running MS-DOS applications, but standard and 386 raise modes break the 640K limitation for running Windows applications. Windows 3.x enhanced mode can create multiple virtual MS- DOS machines (Memory).Between the top of conventional memory at 640K and the start of extended memory at 1024K lies the 384K UMA. This area does not contain physical memory. Mapped into the 384K UMA are the system BIOS (basic input/output system) ROM chips and the display adapter memory. When you install other associate cards, such as network adapters, they may also occupy sp...

Analysis of Tide Advertisements Essay examples -- Advertising, Marketi

surge advertisements from the around the 1970s only portrayed woman as washing the race. Perhaps our civilization has the image set that only women argon the ones that do laundry and other household activities. What about men? Men are just as capable to wash their own clothes and comely the house. Tide ads from the 1970s fit right into the category of women creation somewhat degrading in comparison to men. Equal opportunity regulations require the upgrading of women into high positions, plainly may woman who were offered positions had turned them down. (DeSole 9) What this means is that in the 1970s women were mainly advertised as being inferior to men. Women were apparently the only ones who use laundry detergents to wash all of their families clothes. But this is not only argument in Tide ads. Advertisements in general have changed drastically over the years. Ads have departed from simple black and white prints to prints with every color of the rainbow, from having so many details on one page to just the image of the ad being sold. Ads in general have gone from being a story on a page to a general image that catches the readers immediate attention. Tide ads have come a long way from the 1970s to 2009. Around the 1970s Tide ads were very verbose and mostly on cartoons. Women would be in the ads cleaning and showing off the 2miracle tide. Now when looking at Tide ads, women are not singled out. The Tide product is being advertised on the paper print ad alone. The older Tide ad can be viewed from a feminist prospection and can also be asked why vintage advertisements are so different than new advertisements.Why is it that Tide ads have changed their ways and gone from a womans story about the sterling(prenominal) laundry detergent... ...Service=showArticle .Gloria, DeSole, and Dora Odarenko. Notes toward an Analysis of Discrimination. Womens Studies Newsletter 3.3/4 (1975) 1-10. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .Prinsloo, Jeanne. Where Are the Women?. Agenda 31 (1 996) 40-49. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .

Analysis of Tide Advertisements Essay examples -- Advertising, Marketi

Tide advertisements from the around the 1970s altogether portrayed woman as washing the laundry. Perhaps our civilization has the realise bewilder that only women are the ones that do laundry and other household activities. What about men? Men are just as capable to wash their avow clothes and clean the house. Tide ads from the 1970s fit right into the category of women existence somewhat degrading in comparison to men. Equal opportunity regulations exact the upgrading of women into high positions, but may woman who were offered positions had turned them down. (DeSole 9) What this means is that in the 1970s women were mainly advertised as being inferior to men. Women were apparently the only ones who use laundry detergents to wash all of their families clothes. But this is not only argument in Tide ads. Advertisements in general have changed drastically everywhere the years. Ads have gone from simple black and white prints to prints with every color of the rainbow, from havi ng so many details on one page to just the date of the ad being sold. Ads in general have gone from being a narrative on a page to a general image that catches the readers immediate attention. Tide ads have come a long way from the 1970s to 2009. Around the 1970s Tide ads were very verbose and mostly on cartoons. Women would be in the ads cleaning and showing off the 2miracle tide. Now when looking at Tide ads, women are not singled out. The Tide product is being advertised on the paper print ad alone. The older Tide ad can be viewed from a feminist prospection and can also be asked why vintage advertisements are so different than new advertisements.Why is it that Tide ads have changed their ways and gone from a womans story about the greatest laundry detergent... ...Service=showArticle .Gloria, DeSole, and Dora Odarenko. Notes toward an Analysis of Discrimination. Womens Studies Newsletter 3.3/4 (1975) 1-10. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .Prinsloo, Jeanne. Where Are the Women?. Agenda 31 (1996) 40-49. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .

Control Republic

This means we have at least 60 honest measles at present. Measles is said to be eliminated if we have 1 case per million or be deplorable 100 cases in a course Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination 10 areas were classified as highest risk for neonatal tetanus (NT). find 3 shows the areas categorized as low risk, at risk and highest risk based on the NT urveillance, skilled birth attendants and facility based delivery and the tetanus toxoid 2+ (TT 2+) vaccination. Figure 3 Level of Risk for NT, Philippines Three (3) rounds of TT vaccination are currently on-going in the 10 highest risk areas.An estimated 1,010,751 women age 15 40 class old women regardless of their TT immunization will receive the vaccine during these rounds. This is funded by the Kiwanis International through UNICEF and World Health Organization. Control of other unwashed vaccine-preventable diseases (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Hepatitis B and Meningitis/Encephalitis secondary to H. influenzae type B) Continuou s vaccination for infants and children with the DPT or the combination DPT-HepB-HiB Type B. Annexl EPI Annual Accomplishment Report. DOH procures all the vaccines and needles and syringes for the immunization activities targeted to infants/children/mothers.Hepatitis B Control Republic Act No. 101 52 has been signed. It is otherwise known as the Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011, which requires that all children to a lower place five years old be given basic immunization against vaccine- preventable diseases. Specifically, this bill provides for all infants to be given the irth paneling of the Hepatitis-B vaccine deep down 24 hours of birth. One strategy to strengthen Hepatitis B coverage is to integrate birth dose in the Essential Intrapartum and Newborn Care Package (EINC).In 2011, 11 tertiary hospitals are already EINC compliant. The goal of Hepatitis B control is to reduce the chronic hepatitis B infection rate as measured by HBsAg prevalence to l ess than 1% in five- year-olds born atter routine vaccination start Hepa its a birth vaccination. Figure 4 Hepatitis B Coverage. Philippines, 2001-2011 Timing of administration/dose 2009 2010* 2011* 4 hours62% 24% Hep B 3rd dose *both 2010

Define Biotechnology and Write an Essay on the Current Status of Plant Biotechnology in the 21st Century by Focusing Mainly on Genetic Engineering

Define bio engine room and write an essay on the current status of found biotechnology in the twenty- head start century by foc victimisation mainly on genetic engineering O O O FAQ Register Now Sign In family line PHYSICAL SCIENCESPHYSICS SPACE CHEMISTRY APPLIED PHYSICS AEROSPACE OPTICS EARTH SCIENCESENVIRONMENT ENERGY ATMOSPHERIC PALEONTOLOGY GEOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY LIFE SCIENCESGENETICS & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION MICROBIOLOGY bionomics & ZOOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY NEUROSCIENCE MEDICINECANCER RESEARCH PUBLIC HEALTH PHARMACOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH AGING VISION SOCIAL SCIENCESANTHROPOLOGY ARCHAEOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY SCIENCE EDUCATION & POLICYSCIENCE muniment PHILOSOPHY & ETHICS CULTURETECHNOLOGY MATHEMATICS SCIENCE & SOCIETY SPORTS SCIENCE RANDOM THOUGHTS HUMOR VIDEO CONTRIBUTORS Home Life informations Genetics & molecular Biology Humboldt oath and Science Recent advances in nominate biotechnology Applications in Agriculture. By Ashwani Kumar August 21st 2009 1129 AM Print E-mail bounce back Comments Humboldt Fellow and Science More Articles Climate change and green economy-a cleaner option for sustainability Sitopaladi churna is an ayurvedic medicine for cough and cold Ethnobot each and Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi)All Articles About Ashwani prof Emeritus ,Former Head of the Department of Botany, and Director Life Sciences, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. 302004, India At present View Ashwani s Profile Ashwani Kumar Recent advances in adjust biotechnology Applications in Agriculture. Ashwani Kumar Professor of Botany, Department of Botany and P G School of Biotechnology University of Rajasthan Jaipur 302004. emailprotected com Tel 0141 2711654 ( Off) 0141 2654100 ( Res) Mob (0) 9414057484 AbstractBiotechnology is an ara of production and research in which biological ashess and biological principles atomic number 18 use to solve technological problems. In this sense it becomes exclusively inclusive. And during the last decade the advancements in biology we e direct to the increase lateer argonas like , carrelular engineering, biochips and biomaterial science, stem cells, nanobiotechnology etc. Biotechnology is a vast subject and c everywheres Gene and genome summary analysis of genes and gene ne bothrks showing the potential for industrial application gene expression studies biotech plant action, e. g. chump assisted breeding.Transgenic technologies business and analysis of transgenic crops gene insertion studies gene silencing factors bear upon gene expression post-translational analysis molecular farming field trial analysis commercialisation of modified crops safety and regulatory affairs Functional genomics bioinformatics gene function studies for applied uses proportional genomics applications to crop species use of current crop databases Physiological studies pathways relevant to an application secondary metabolites manipulations of physiology for reach resistance abiotic and biotic stress resistance including salini ty and drought stress.Development of coarseness resistance plant using plant biotechnology. Host pathogen interaction and role of plant biotechnology for developing resistant corps Developmental studies maturemental mechanisms leading to a except chthonianstanding of an industrial use of plants. position tissue culture and its role in plant biotechnology. Introduction Scientists ware been am completion plants by changing their genetic makeup since the late 1800s. Typically, this has been accomplished with crossbreeding and hybridization, in which two connect plants are cross-fertilized and the resulting offspring have characteristics of some(prenominal) parent plants.In the breeding process, however, many a(prenominal) undesir suitable traits often rout out appear in addition to the desirable ones. Some of those undesirable traits can be eliminated through additional breeding, which is time consuming. Breeders can then further select and reproduce the offspring that ha ve the desired traits. Many of the intellectual nourishments that are already common in our diet are obtained from plant varieties that were developed using courtly genetic techniques of breeding and selection. Today, by inserting one or more genes into a plant, scientists are able to produce a plant with new, advantageous characteristics.The new gene splicing techniques are beingness utilize to achieve many of the same goals and improvements that plant breeders historically have sought through conventional methods. They give scientists the ability to isolate genes and introduce new traits into foods without simultaneously introducing undesirable traits. This is an important improvement over handed-down breeding. Because of the increased precision offered by the bioengineered methods, the risk of introducing detrimental traits is actually likely to be reduced. Gene and genome analysisDetailed studies have been conducted on plant genome and forcible and genetic maps are availab le for several plants. As an example of studies on genome the rice genome is discussed here. Rice has a much smaller genome (430 Mbp per haploid genome) than many some another(prenominal) crops that belong to the Poaceae family. Due to the genome colinearity, gritty similarity in gene order and gene content, among the Poaceae family, the importance of rice genetics has been emphasized, and comparative analyses among rice, wheat, and lemon tree have been intensively studied.As a result, rice becomes the model crop for the molecular genetic admission. This crop is available for many applications, including the construction of a high sound map, evince sequence tag (EST) and full genomic sequence database, bacterial and yeast artificial chromosome (BAC and YAC) libraries, quantitative traits loci (QTL) mapping for yield and morphology, functional genomics by knockout mutagenesis using T- deoxyribonucleic acid insertion, map-based cloning, and genetically modified rice using tran smutation techniques. ( make up ones mind follow Cho et al. 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007).State-of-the-art Genome Profiling (GP) The traditional approach for species identification is exclusively based on phenotypic traits much(prenominal) as morphological, anatomical, chemical properties and others, which are often change by environmental factors and thus are difficult to analyze and unreliable. Interspecies homogeneity, intraspecies variability and the existence of undescribed species often lead to phenotypic misidentification. Moreover, species, which are phenotypically far less prominent, cannot be always identified in this way.To overcome these problems, genotypebased (nucleic acid-based) techniques have been employed as an alternative or complementary approach and have continuously been developed including RFLP ,AFLP, RAPD, 16S rribonucleic acid or 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis and others. These methods come through a possible way to identify species directly based on their genomic sequences but none of them have been shown to identify species in general, mainly because of the insufficiency in the measuring rod of information which they can provide.In this stream, the whole genome sequencing is surely the most definitive solution for species identification though simply too redundant for such purposes and impossible in practice to analyze all the constituents of a heavily dense population. On the other hand, the information obtained from the comparison of a single gene is often not sufficient to place a species at the appropriate position on the phylogenetic tree.In order to deal with above issues, previously Nishigaki and co-workers have described a realistic solution conforming to the notion of the amount of information sufficient for species identification and demonstrated this by inventing a novel method called Genome Profiling (GP), which is a temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) analysis of ran dom-PCR products. Next, the complexity of the generated data, genome profiles, can be simplified by extracting feature points in GP, i. e. species identification dots (spiddos) which can be use for further processing of measuring the similarity of two species by calculating Pattern Similarity Score (PaSS). Further, the technical advances by constructing internet-based GP databases (named On-web GP), and developing a exceedingly reproducible and miniaturized system (micro-TGGE) have moved this technology towards being a universal, general and global tool for species identification( see review Biyani 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007)..Recombinant DNA technology Gene tar charming (GT) Gene targeting (GT) is a key technology for the rational, accurate and safe exploitation of plantsthrough genetic manipulation. Moreover, it offers the potential to send offly knockout the expression of target genes or to make specific changes to gene function, objectives that cannot be achieved by c onventional transgenesis. The ability to target DNA integration would permit the locus-specific integration of a transgene into a determine ite of the host genome, avoiding the accidental inactivation of an endogenous gene localized at the insertion site or the unexpected expression profiles of the transgene itself, the so-called position effect. self-opinionated isolation and sequencing of genomic DNA flanking the insertion sites ( cognize as FSTs or Flanking Sequence Tag offers the opportunity to rapidly characterize plants altered in a candi see gene sequence. This approach is notably most useful in fully sequenced genomes such as in Arabidopsis thaliana.With 125 Mbp and 26,422 genes, the Arabidopsis genome shows very limited synteny with the 420466 Mbp and 60,000 predicted genes of the rice genome. The recombination machinery has been well conserved throughout evolution, as an essential section of cell survival. In nature, homologous recombination is a DNA maintenance pathway that protects chromosomes against damage affecting both DNA strands, such as double strand breaks (DSBs) or interstrand crosslinks. DSB repair (DSBR) has been one of the most investigated homologous repair pathways see SHRIVASTAVA1, SHARMA2 AND KUMAR 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007).Recently plastid genome transformation technique has gained prominence due to its better integration and less chances of random spread. The genome propagated by higher plant plastids, the plastome, is typically a double stranded DNA molecule of 130 to 160 kb. Over one hundred copies of this genome can be present in a single plastid. It is ideally represented as a circular monomer containing 2 inverted repeats, even though reality is more complex since linear and circular multimers have been frequently detect The complete sequence of this highly polyploidy genome is available for about 20 opposite species of angiosperms http//megasun. ch. umontreal. ca/ ogmp/projects/other/cp_list. html). The first successful transformation of tobacco was performed using as marker a mutant plastid DNA fragment covering the 16SrRNA gene derived from a line resistant to spectinomycin and streptomycin. Major improvements in the selection process were soon obtained with the preponderant aadA marker gene, inactivating spectinomycin or streptomycin. When fused to GFP, this marker can be used to track the selection process.Genes encoding resistance to kanamycin, nptII and more recently aphA-6 are overly possible options, and could be more appropriate for some species (Kumar et al. , 2004a see review Dubald. 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007). in that respect are three disparate fates for the external DNA to get integrated into the native genome. They are homologous recombination, illegitimate recombination or nonhomologous end joining, and single-strand annealing. . Single-strand annealing (SSA), a third path of repair, requires the presence of repeated sequences on both sides of a break.After exonuclease degradation of the 5 ends, repair occurs by annealing of the two complementary sequences, a process leading to the loss of the genetic information contained amidst these repeats. With respect to the species preferential DSB repair pathway, HR but also IR mediates transgene integration. This second aspect explains the inefficiency of GT in higher plants, which use HR as a minor pathway of repair. Thus, despite the fact that transgene integration processes are still unclear in plants transgenic DNA would be preferentially integrated by end joining whether or not sharing homology within the host genome.GM crops The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has found no evidence to indicate that either bite plant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or the DNA inserted into plants using bioengineering presents food safety problems. Nor are the small amounts of the pertly expressed proteins likely to change dramatically the safety profile of the plant. If safety concerns should ari se, however, they would most likely fall into one of three broad categories allergens, toxins, or anti-nutrients. FDA has extensive experience in evaluating the safety of such substances in food.It is important to note that the kinds of food safety testing typically conducted by developers of a bioengineered food crop to ensure that their foods meet all relevant requirements of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FDC Act) address these potential concerns. In the event that something unexpected does occur, this testing provides a way to detect such changes at the emergenceal stage and defer marketing until any concern is resolved. As aforementioned, some of the food safety concerns that could arise include Allergens Foods normally contain many thousands of different proteins.While the majority of proteins do not cause allergic reactions, virtually all known human allergens are proteins. Since genetic engineering can introduce a new protein into a food plant, it is possible that this technique could introduce a previously unknown allergen into the food supply or could introduce a known allergen into a new food. Toxins It is possible that a new protein, as introduced into a crop as a result of the genetic modification, could cause toxicity. Anti-nutrients It is possible that the accession of anti-nutrients, such as molecules like phytic acid, could reduce essential dietary minerals such as phosphorus.The use of genetic engineering techniques could also result in accidental alterations in the amounts of substances normally found in a food, such as a reduction of Vitamin C or an increase in the concentration of a naturally occurring toxicant in the plant food. LEGAL AND REGULATORY ISSUES One important component in ensuring food safety is the U. S. regulatory structure. The FDA regulates bioengineered plant food in conjunction with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).FDA has authority downstairs the FDC Act to ensure the safety of all domestic and imported foods for man or wights in the United States market. The exceptions to this are meat, poultry and certain egg products, which are regulated by USDA. The safety of animal drug residues in meat and poultry, however, is regulated by FDA. Pesticides, including those bioengineered into a food crop, are regulated primarily by EPA. USDAs Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) oversees the agricultural and environmental safety of planting and field testing bioengineered plants.Bioengineered foods and food ingredients must adhere to the same standards of safety under the FDC Act that apply to their conventionally bred counterparts. This means that these products must be as safe as the traditional foods in the market. FDA has the power to remove a food from the market, or sanction those marketing the food if the food poses a risk to public health. It is important to note that the FDC Act places a level-headed duty on develo pers to ensure that the foods they market to consumers are safe and comply with all legal requirements.Area under the commercialization of genetically modified (GM), often called biotech crops continue to grow for the ninth consecutive year at a sustained double-digit growth rate of 20% in 2004 (James, 2004). The estimated global area of approved GM crops for 2005 was 90. 0 million hectares with $4. 70 billion global market valuebased on the sale price of GM germ plus any technology fees that apply. The global value of the GM crop market is projected a more than $5. 0 billion for 2005 (James, 2004). Commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops move to grow for the ninth consecutive year.It reflects the substantial improvements in productivity, the environment, economics, health and social benefits realized by farmers, consumers and society. At the same time the growing controversy over GM food products increased interest in food labelling and identity preservation (IP) of GM crops. Hence, an IP system must be designed to provide assurances that the desired traits are present (or absent) in a product from the seed source, through all steps of production and slant, to the end user. There are legion(predicate) regulatory issues related to GM crops.These include the testing and acceptance of new GM crops for commercial introduction, both domestically and internationally. Nearly every country has different approaches and many have their own regulatory framework, with an intent to prevent cross-contamination of the conventional food and feed industries. IP tracking software is also available in market to ease the burdens associated with precise record-keeping requirements. The economics of IP has been calculated by various scientists depending on different applied IP systems.Niche-marketing opportunities will grow, because of the availability of GM crops and finally, IP of agricultural commodities from GM crops can provide greater choice and value desire d by both agricultural producers and consumers (DOSHI AND FRANCOIS EUDES, 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007) Based on annual percentage growth in area, of the eight leading GM crop countries, India had the highest percentage year-on-year growth in 2004 with an increase of 400% in Bt like area over 2003, followed by Uruguay (200%), Australia (100%), Brazil (66%), China (32%), south Africa (25%), Canada (23%), Argentina (17%) and USA at 11%.India increased its area of approved Bt cotton, introduced only two years ago, from approximately 38,038 hectares in 2002/ 03 to 560,000 hectares in 2004/05 seasons with Bt coverage of 11. 65% and approximately 300,000 small farmers benefited from Bt cotton( see review DOSHI AND EUDES, 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007). . REGULATORY ISSUES RELATED TO GM CROPS There are numerous regulatory issues related to GM crops. These include the testing and acceptance of new GM crops for commercial introduction and the introduction of food products conta ining ingredients from GM crops, both domestically and internationally.Nearly every country has different approaches and many have their own regulatory framework. Regulation is a very dynamic issue with changes being reviewed and proposed in many countries on an ongoing basis. Numerous regulatory actions are consequently being proposed as governments react to consumer concerns and pressures. Several countries have or have proposed to create new agencies to specifically cover GM crops. Approaches range from cautious acceptance to attempts to ban (growing and even imports), at least for the foreseeable future, all crops and products with GM traits.Each is approaching the testing, introduction, and acceptance of GM crops in its own manner and on its own time schedule. Table 6 summarizes the current status of some of the regulations related to introduction, approval, and commercial acceptance of GM crops. Table 6. Status of regulations over GM products. Abiotic and biotic resistance Coa t Protein Mediated Resistance CP is an important structural protein as it not only protects the viral nucleic acid from degradation, but also assumes an important role in virus infection.Its functions includes acquisition and transmission of virus by vectors, cell to cell and long distance spread of the virus in host plants, and for some viruses, it regulates one or more steps of virus replication. Coat Protein (CP) intermediate resistance has been demonstrated for 17 groups of viruses, and so far this strategy has shown best promise. CP transgenes have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing infection and diseases caused by homologous and closely related viruses (Gonsalves, et al. , 1998).Coat protein-mediated protection has been reported for Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV,Tomato mosaic virus, ToMV, (Sa), Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV, Alfalfa mosaic virus, AlMV, (Loesch-Fries et al. , 1987 Tumer et al. , 1997), stump spud virus X, PVX, Potato virus Y, PVY, Potato leaf roll virus, PLRV, Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and a bet of other viruses. CP-mediated resistance in Cantaloupe, Papaya, Potato, Squash and Tomato has been tested under the field conditions with fair degree of protection against most of the viruses (Table 4). ( see review Verma and Parveen 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007)Anti-HIV Agents Among Desert Plants Around 40 million people are affected due to the Human Immuno-deficiency Virus globally. During the past decades, a large number of anti-viral screening experiments on medicinal plant extracts have been reported and have led to the selection of several extracts active towards herpes viruses. A promising result of a naturally occurring antiherpetic agent was given by n- docosanol (a natural 22 degree centigrade saturated fatty alcohol) which is undergoing phase III clinical trials in patients. Clinical testing of the topical formulation, or systemic administration of drug suspensions has demonstrated impregnable therapeutic inde x, since high doses of n- docosanol do not elicit appreciable toxicity. The findings show that natural products are still potential sources in the search for new antiherpatic agents (Hattori et al. , 1995). variant plant extracts used in Ayurvedic medicine for inhibitory effects on HIV virus have been studied (Hattori, personal communication). A large number of such plants occur in semi- waterless and arid climate of Rajasthan. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) , the great pandemic of the second half of the 20th Century, is still a threatening disease world wide.Many research approaches are currently counted at developing novel agents to arrest the replication of HIV through various targets. These may include the inhibition of filch transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), membrane fusion and integrase. HIV PR enzyme has been demonstrated to play an essential role in viral replication ( see review Kumar 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007) A range of HIV PR inhibitors have bee n designed and applied in clinical trials such as Sanqunavir, Ritonavir and Indinavir. However, the development of drug resistance by virus, irrespective of the target, remains as an overwhelming problem in AIDS chemotherapy.Thus there is great need to search for and develop new and different anti-HIV candidates from plants and natural products are of considerable importance. In search for anti-HIV active agents from natural products, many attempts at screening traditional medicines have been made. Biotic and abiotic stress Environmental abiotic stress conditions, and especially drought and salinity, are currently the major factors which reduce crop yields world-wide leading to the fact that more than 800 million people are chronically undernourished..The United Nations Environment Program estimates that approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of cropland in the world is saltstressed This salinity, in particular, is an change magnitude problem and about half of the area und er irrigation, is at risk to be lost due o building up of salinity. Therefore genetic improvement of salt adjustment has become an urgent need for the future of agriculture in arid and semiarid regions.. One way of solving this problem would be breeding tolerant varieties of crop plants that can be grown on saline soils, but these breeding programs are time consuming and remained elusive .Hence, many metabolic changes are known to occur in plants subjected to salt stress, physiological parameters such as ionic relations have been suggested to be used as tolerance indicators since they can be related to salt tolerance mechanisms. Biofuel production India has over 180 million of wasteland out of which 90 million ha is uncultivable. The corrupted and denuded lands arise due to soil erosions as well as secondary salinizations. However Calotropis procera is a potential lant for bioenergy and biofuel production in semi arid regions of the country because it is able to grow on such land s. The plant has a growth potential of 2 dry tones to 40 dry tones per ha depending on the agro climatical conditions of its growth. The plant has high level of regeneration potential and could be harvested up to 4 times a year. The plant yields valuable hydrocarbons which could be converted into diesel substitutes. The bio-diesel derived from Calotropis procera is free from NOx gases, S02 and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and has high cetane value.Due to its enormous potential for growth under adverse climatic conditions Calotropis procera is suggested as potential plant for bio-diesel production under semi-arid and arid conditions ( Anita and Kumar,2005, Anita et al. 2005). Jatropha curcas also provides non-edible oil which could be converted into methyl ester with a gain of glycerine ( Anita and Kumar 2007) . The JME is used as mix in the ratio of 05, to 20 percent blend to fossil fuel diesel and in Germany the use of Rape seed methyl ester is increasing. Soil salinity Soil salinity affects plant production in many parts of the world, particularly on irrigated land.NaCl is the predominant salt in most saline environments. Many crop species are sensitive to high concentrations of salt with negative impacts on agricultural production. Maize (Zea mays L. ) is considered a moderately salt-sensitive plant.. sodium chloride resistance of plants is a complex phenomenon that involves biochemical and physiological processes as well as morphological and developmental changes.. In addition to general osmotic stress, high concentrations of Na+ are toxic to maize and molecular mechanisms for salt resistance have not been fully identified or characterized (Zoerb et al 2004).The analysis of the plants proteome is an important amendment to the analysis of the genome, because gene expression is altered under salinity stress. The proteome, in contrast to the genome, is not static but rather interdependent on a number of responses influenced by internal and external f actors. The plant adaptation to environmental stress, such as soil salinity, is expected to have a strong influence on proteins. One approach to study the molecular mechanisms of plant responses to salinity is to use 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the dentification of differentially regulated proteins can lead to the identification of proteins and their corresponding genes which are involved in the physiology of salt resistance. The high resolution achieved by 2D gels and computer-assisted analysis of the differentially regulated proteins were used to examine those proteins whose synthesis was modulated by salt handling and to quantify these changes. As far as we know, our investigations are the first to characterize the differentially expressed proteins from root and shoots of maize after treatment with low and high salt stress.Plant material was an efficiently Na+-excluding maize inbred line developed in our laboratory. According to Munns the growth response t o salt stress consists of two phases, first, a water-deficit that results from the relatively high solute concentrations in the root medium and, second, ion-specific stress resulting from altered K+/Na+ ratios or Na+ and Cl? concentrations that are toxic to plants. The aim of this study was to elucidate biochemical and physiological reactions of glycophytes to salt stress in the first phase of salinity. While all major crops, as well as most wild species, are glycophytes, i. e. ensitive to relatively low salt concentrations, there are plants naturally adapted to conditions of high salinity in the soil. These plants, known as halophytes, include a large taxonomic variety and occupy diverse habitats, from thorough dry to temporarily waterlogged sites or salt marshes, and can tolerate NaCl concentrations similar, or even higher than that of sea water, ca. 500 mM ( nameure 1). It is without doubt incumbent to develop sustainable biological production systems which can tolerate highe r water salinity because freshwater resources will not come up with increasing demands of agricultural practice in near future.The sustainable use of halophytic plants is a promising approach to valorize strongly salinised zones unsuitable for conventional agriculture and mediocre waters. The development of cash crop halophytes and the breeding of salt resistant crop varieties will require a clear understanding of the complex mechanisms of salt stress tolerance, which we are still lacking despite intensive research during the last decade (see review KOYROAND HUCHZERMEYER 2007 cited in Kumar and Sopory 2007).Recombinant proteins It has been estimated that 1 g of recombinant antibody could be produced in leaves of a plant crop for only about US$100 while the current prices for monoclonal antibodies range from US$2000 to US$5000 per gram. Indeed the cost of producing 1 kg of recombinant protein from most major field crops is estimated to be 10 to 50 times lower than the cost of produci ng the same amount by E. coli fermentation. Whole plants also have an advantage when tissues such as a fruit, tuber, etc. an be used to express the protein of interest (James and Lee 2001), and an area of undisputed advantage occurs when the oral delivery of pharmaceuticals, as well as feed and food enzymes, is possible. However, there are also some evident obstacles that arise when a whole plant is used for large-scale protein production( see review SODERQUIST and LEE 2007). Cell-free systems have proved to have high utility at the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels and to form a vital component of many aspects of recombinant gene expression, and of both structural and functional proteomics..Compared with DNA microarrays, protein bio-chips provide more challenges and have yet to be perfected due to the complexity and indispensable difficulties with protein immobilization. Novel cell free translation system is unique discovery A novel cell-free translation system is descr ibed in which template-mRNA molecules were captured onto solidity surfaces to simultaneously synthesize and immobilize proteins in a more native-state form. This technology comprises a novel solid-phase approach to cell-free translation and RNAprotein fusion techniques.A newly constructed biotinylated linker-DNA which enables puromycin-assisted RNAprotein fusion is ligated to the 3? ends of the mRNA molecules to attach the mRNA-template on a streptavidin-coated surface and further to enable the subsequent reactions of translation and RNAprotein fusion on surface. The protein products are therefore directly immobilized onto solid surfaces and furthermore were discovered to adopt a more native state with proper protein folding and superior biological activity compared with conventional liquid-phase approaches.We further validate this approach via the production of immobilized green fluorescent protein (GFP) on microbeads and by the production and assay of aldehyde reductase (ALR) enz yme with 4-fold or more activity. The approach developed in this study may enable to embrace the concept of the transformation of RNA chip-to-protein chip using a solid-phase cell-free translation system and thus to the development of high-throughput microarray platform in the field of functional genomics and in vitro evolution (Biyani et al. 2006). Plant tissue culture Another area of biotechnology is micropropagation of plants.The aim of this technique is a fast production of a great number of genetically same plants from a highly valuable mother plant or e. g. monosexual male and female plants. These plants can be either directly sold on the market for planting, used for breeding purposes, for genetechnology or the technique is used as a method for basic science studies. Using petiole explants from transgenic plants containing the auxin responsive MAS promoter linked to the GUS reporter gene (Fig. 15, 16) the distribution of auxin within the cultured petiole could be followed du ring the induction phase of material conceptusgenesis (Neumann 2000 and Neumann 2006).Interestingly, the cells forming the glandular canal contain high concentrations of auxins as shown by using transgenic plants containing the auxin sensitive MAS-promoter coupled to the GUS-gene ( Fig see below ), whatever the significance. Rhizogenic centers develop near vascular bundles prior to those embryogenic centers. Fig. 2 Plasmid pPCV812 with the MAS promoter and the GUS reporter gene, hyg=Hygromycin resistance, Ap/Cb=Ampicillin/Carbenicillin resistance (courtesy of Dr. Z. Koncz, Max-Planck- Institut Cologne, Germany, for providing the plasmid) Genetic factors play a central role to induce somatic embryos, i. . to provide the competence of the species for the process. Here, great variation can be found even within a genera such as Daucus. Eight of twelve Daucus species cultured in identical conditions produced somatic embryos (D. halophilus, D. capillifolius, D. commutatus, D. azoricus, D. gadacei, D. maritimus, D. maximus, D. carota ), whereas four species (D. montevidensis, D. pussillus, D. muricatus, D. glochidiatus) were not competent to do so. Under identical culture conditions, only 8 out of 12 species and subspecies of the genus Daucus proved capable of somatic embryogenesis.Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis indicated a polymorphism between the genomes of individual species that were capable of embryogenesis and those that were not. Two specific bands (1. 1 kbp, 0. 68 kbp) were detected only inthe genomes of individuals with the capacity for embryogenesis. These were cloned and sequenced, and the homology of the nucleotide sequences of the various species was detected this ranged from 74% to 92% for the larger sequence and from 92% to 97% for the smaller one. These DNA sequences would appear to be useful as a marker of the capacity for somatic embryogenesis in the genus Daucus (Imani et al. 001) The sequences obtained in this study have been registe red with the European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL). The access numbers for the sequences are AJ278039 DCA78039 AJ278040 DCA78040 AJ278041 CA78041 AJ278042 DCA78042 AJ278176 DCA278176 AJ278177 DCA278177 AJ278178 DCA278178 AJ278179 DCA278179. No open reading frames were detected. We performed later additional studies with other Daucus species (D. capillifolius D. carota ssp. Azoricus and gadecaei) as shown in Table 1 to determine the use-fulness of these RAPD products as markers for identifying the ability of Daucus species to generate somatic embryos (Fig. b). There was a 100% correlation between the embryogenic potential of the species (Table 1) and the occurrence of the 1. 1-kbp and 0. 68-kbp band (Imani et al. 2001). Micropropagation Technique in Enhancing the Productivity of Crops have been taken up at large scale at TERI ( see review Saxena, 2007 see Kumar and Shekhawat 2007) Some of the activities undertaken at MTP include Large-scale production of superior quality plantin g material of various economically important plant species using tissue culture technology Mass multiplication of those species which are difficult to regenerate by conventional methods f propagation or where conventional methods of propagation are inadequate to meet the demand of planting material Development of new micropropagation protocols and refining of others so as to make them suitable for large-scale production of plants Helping the entrepreneurs/industry through technology transfer, mother cultures and training of staff Assisting clients in setting-up their own tissue culture labs Creating awareness Till date over 15 million plants of forest species, cash crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, and ornamentals (foliage and flowering) have been dispatched to various state forest and horticulture epartments, private entrepreneurs, nurseries, farmers etc. for field demonstrations and routine plantations. In addition, MTP is in possession of micropropagation protocols for o ver 90 economically important plant species. Field demonstration plots of tissue cultured plants have been laid at different locations to evaluate and compare their growth performances with conventional plants. Besides transfer of technologies to industry for commercialization, MTP has been instrumental in capacity building and creating awareness about tissue culture technology through seminars/ workshops/training programmes, exhibitions, etc. Dhawan and Saxena 2004 Saxena and Dhawan, 2004). Secondary metabolites Since the establishment of plant tissue culture techniques in 1960s, significant contributions have been made to the development of biochemical studies on secondary metabolism such as structural elucidation, biosynthesis, enzymology, metabolic regulation system, intracellular distribution of metabolites and relevant enzymes, metabolite transportation, molecular biology and many others . However, one of the greatest difficulties and challenges in the application of plant tis sue culture to metabolism research has been that unorganized callus tissues have often failed to ccumulate metabolites usually detected in the mother plant. In some cases, metabolic potential was recovered through the development of a production medium, change in culture conditions or selecting cell strains of high productivity (Fujita and Tabata, 1987). It is commonly observed that recalcitrant callus tissues begin to synthesize secondary metabolites after organ such as shoots and roots differentiation . Although somatic embryogenesis occurs in cultured cells of numerous plant species, it has rarely been applied to secondary metabolite production. Recently secondary metabolite production by somatic embryo ultures and especially by those of Corydalis species has been reviewed by HIRAOKA and Bhatt, 2007) . References Anita Kumari and Ashwani Kumar (2005) SOME POTENTIAL BIOFUEL PLANTS FOR SEMI-ARID AND ARID REGIONS AND IMPROVING THEIR GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY In CARRASCO J. E. , L. SJUNNESSON, P. HELM, A. GRASSI (eds) BIOMASS FOR ENERGY, INDUSTRY AND CLIMATE PROTECTION. pp 279-281. Anita Kumari, Ashwani Kumar, V. R. Kumar (2005) PRODUCTIVTY OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA IN SEMI-ARID REGIONS OF RAJASTHAN AND ITS use AS RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY In CARRASCO J. E. , L. SJUNNESSON, P. HELM, A.GRASSI (eds) BIOMASS FOR ENERGY, INDUSTRY AND CLIMATE PROTECTION. pp 276-278 Dhawan V and Saxena S (2005) Production of superior quality disease-free planting material. In Chadha KL, Ahloowalia Imani, J. , (1999) In situ- Nachweis der Auxinverteilung in kultivierten Petiolenexplantaten von transgenen Pflanzen wahrend der Induktion der somatischen Embryogenese bei Daucus carota L. Diss. Justus Liebig Universitat, Gie? en, Germany J. Imani L. Tran Thi G. Langen,B. Arnholdt-Schmitt S. Roy C. Lein A. Kumar K. -H. Neumann (2001) Somatic embryogenesis and DNA organization of genomes from selected Daucus species.Plant Cell Rep 20537541 Prasad, BS KV and Singh SK (Eds. ) Crop Improve ment and Production Technology of Horticultural Crops transactions of First Indian Horticulture Congress 2004. pp 174-184. Kumar A. (2004) Calotropis Procera a Potential Plant for Hydrocarbons from Semi-Arid and Arid Regions In Van Swaaij, Fjallstrom, Helm and Grassi (eds). Biomass for energy, industry, and climate protection. Proceedings of the Second World Conference ETA-Florence, Rome Italy WIP-Munich , Germany pp 173. Kumar, A. and Sudhir Sopory ( eds) ( 2007) Recent advances in plant biotechnology.IK International New Delhi Kumar A and N S Shekhawat ( eds) (2007) Plant tissue culture, Molecular markers and their role in agriculture production. IK International. New Delhi Neumann, K. -H. (1995) Pflanzliche Zell- und Gewebekulturen. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart,304 pages Neumann KH (2000) Some studies on somatic embryogenesis, a tool in plant biotechnology. http//bibd. uni-giessen. de/ghtm/ 2000/uni/p000004. htm Neumann, K. -H. (2006) Some studies on somatic embryogenesis a tool in plant biotechnology. In Kumar and Roy (eds) Plant biotechnology and its applications in tissue culture.I. K. International, New Delhi . pp 1-14. Shekhawat V. P. S. and A. Kumar 2006 Somaclonal variants for salt tolerance and in vitro propagation of peanut. In (Eds. ) A. Kumar, S. Roy and S. K. Sopory. Plant Biotechnologyits Application in Tissue Culture. I. K. International New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore. pp. 177-196 Shekhawat, V. P. S. , Kumar, A. , and K. H. Neumann. 2005. Bio-reclamation of secondary salinized soils using halophytes. Biosaline Agriculture Salinity tolerance in Plants. (Eds. ) M. Ozturk, Y. Waisal, M. A. Khan and G. Gork, Birkhauser Verlag , Switzerland. p 145-152. Shekhawat, V. P. S. , Kumar, A. , and K. H. Neumann. 2006. Effect of NaCl salinity on growth and ion accumulation in some chenopodiaceous halophytes. Communication in Soil Science and Plant analysis 13-14 (37), 1933 1946 Manish Biyani, Yuzuru Husimi, and Naoto Nemoto (2006) Solid-phase translation and RNAprotein fusion a novel approach for folding quality control and direct immobilization of proteins using anchored mRNA Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 November 34140-. Saxena, S and Dhawan V (2004) changing Scenarios in Indian Horticulture In PS Srivastava, A Narula and SSrivastava (Eds. ) Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Markers. Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi. pp. 261-277. Related Articles on Science 2. 0 Applications of biotechnology in plant tissue culture Biotechnology and genomic tools Biofuels include Medicinal plant cultivation. Recent advances in plant biotechnology Applications in Agriculture. Know Science And emergency To Write? Register Now To Get Your Own Column Whats Happening Top Articles New Comments Events 1. The Best Of Earth Observations 2012 2. What Would Be A Food vogue Worthy Of The Name? 3.Excluding New Particles The Nuts And Bolts 4. What Democrats In Congress Can Learn From Anti-GMO Activist Mark Lynas About Science 5. Two Peaks, Three Bets 6. rubric Of The C up Enhances The Taste Of Hot Chocolate, Say Psychologists 7. FDA Approves Rebif Rebidose Interferon Beta-1a For Multiple Sclerosis Best evidence yet that dinosaurs used feathers for courtship Your brain on Big lady Bering Sea study finds prey density more important to predators than biomass Mayo Clinic researchers find new molecule to target in pancreatic cancer treatment An embryo that is neither male nor female ore Hot Topics Links Science 2. 0 News Current Topic Californias Proposition 37 The best writers in science tackle sciences hottest topics. 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My essay of mice and mMen Essay

In the novel Of Mice And Mice Lenny and George be on thither travels to face for work but everything seems to go maltreat Because Lenny squirt not control his anger or his strength and George is whole ways in that respect to get Lenny out of trouble but George treats Lenny ilk it his is own brother.The novel is set in Weed and it is very hard to find work and live a living so Lenny and George set them selves of to account for work Lenny on his journey who has a heart of gold would never hurt either one or hurt anything finds a mouse a dead mouse he necessitys t play and tamper with the mouse but George says no and grabs the mouse and throws the mouse into the bushes but consequently Lenny gets really upsets and write downs clamorous and shouting out load all I want to do is tamper and play with the mouse because I like tampering animals George says .Never forefront Lenny I will get you a whelp you can tamper and play with no Lenny says I want a mouse ok and then Geor ge says what about if we get a cable on the farm you cam tamper some rabbits , can I can I said Lenny of course you can just as long as your good and dont pick up dead mousse which might wee dieses and we wont want you catching something. Has Lenny and George carry on with there journey there become hungry and they settle down by the river and they drink the water and then they start a fire and has Lenny collects wood for the fire George prepares the food.Or they have is beans which Lenny starts getting angry I only want beans with tomato ketchup if we have no ketchup I dont want any but we dont have none said George you will have to do with what we have ok , but I want ketchup , we have not got none so stop moaning. George starts getting mad with Lenny and says to Lenny I imagine you if I was on my own I would have a job and nice food but no I am stuck with you moaning all the magazine can I tamper the rabbits can I tamper the rabbits you just get on my nerves Lenny gets upset and says if you want me to go I will, I will go up in the mountains and find a cave and live in there I will be ok then I wont get on your nerves no Lenny you will never survive with out me it is best if we stick together. There one much thing I have to tell you if you get in any trouble all I want you to do is to run to this bush here and dissemble till I come for you ok.Lenny and George carry on with there travels they come to a farm to have a interview for a job they get there and meet up with a man called Candy who is very old and needs very good looking after and takes them to the music director to see if there have the job. They get they job and Lenny and George are very excited but the only thing that keeps coming out of Lennys mouth is this instant can I tend the rabbits George says if you are good. The job they are given is to pick wheat bags up and stack them on to the carriage but they are very and it takes two men to lift one bag, but then every one is stunned to wat ch has Lenny picks up one bag all by himself but no one spangs how strong Lenny is.George lets Lenny tend the rabbits but has Lenny is tending the rabbits in the barn the managers son crisp HE goes to work and curly wife follows Lenny into the barn. She starts chew outing to Lenny telling him that she hates Curly and she hates working here and that she wants to become a Hollywood star and then she asks Lenny what hw would like to do he says have a big house for him and George and have there own business and also he would love to tend the rabbits. But has she was going to reply Curly walked in and says to Lenny why are you not doing you work get out there and finish of your job then George walks in whats happening says George then Curly and his wife walks out. Lenny if you have any trouble of him or any one you tell me then they all get back to work.George gives Lenny a puppy for his hard work Lenny is very excited and goes in the barn on his own and starts tending the puppy and g uess who walks in Curlys wife sorry for my husbands port I dont want to talk to you says Lenny why says Curlys wife , George has told me to stay away from you we dont want any trouble so go away, but im friendly I only want to make friends no says Lenny. She walks away but seconds later she comes back and then Curly walks in I have told you hundreds of times to stay away from my wife then George walks in again to see Curly hitting and arguing with Lenny, Lenny stays there and George shouts out Lenny defend yourself and has Lennys face is pouring with blood and cut eyes half way closed Curly goes to punch him and curlys little hand is trap between Lennys big hand and Lenny squeezes his hand and hurts Curly badly. Then Lennys says to George can I still tend the puppy of course you can you did nothing wrong says George.They are getting along with there lives fine carrying on with there work keeping them selves to them selves then Lenny asks George can I tend the puppy George says yea h sure, Lenny is in the barn tending the puppy and then he tends the puppy so hard he kills the puppy and then barn door opens so Lenny is frightened so he quickly hides the puppy under the hay, and Curlys wife walks in hello Lenny and she noticed he had hidden something under the hay so she removes the hay to find that Lenny had hidden the puppy and she saw the puppy was dead, Lenny says dont tell George it was an accident.I was tending it to hard she says ok then she starts to talk to Lenny and she starts to get all emotional with Lenny she goes to kiss him and Lenny kisses her back and then he hugs her but with out him knowing his own strength he was hugging her to ridiculous and he snaps her neck and she dies . Lenny is scared and frightened so he remembers what George said if you are in a lot of trouble run to this bush and hide until I find you so Lenny runs and hides. Curly has noticed that his wife has been killed and he knows who his responsible the first name he say is L enny and George says how you know Curly says look my wife has been killed and Lenny is know where to be seen we need to find and I am going to kill him no says George you dont know the whole story.As everyone at the works are looking for Lenny, George goes to the bush and he sees Lenny sitting there, Lenny is very upset and dont know what to say George says I know what you have make it was an accident Lenny says. George says Lenny look over the river were we was drinking and keep looking down, George pulls out a gun at the side of his pocked retention it down between his spine join and then up to his head Lenny want to go to a nice place were we have loads of specie loads of food and loads of animals and a big farm were no one can hurt us and you can not hurt any one yes please says Lenny can we go now Lenny says with excitement , yea of course just keep looking at the river , ok Lenny says.Georges gut is annoyance but without a word he presses the trigger BANG Lenny just lower s his body with out a noise and just lays there. George is upset for what he had done bur he knew that Lenny was safe now and that he is living the life that he has always wanted to live. George has learnt that you can not get anything that you wish for in life you just have to grab it why you have the chance. Eben if you loose the closes friend you have. 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Comparative Analysis of Models in the Competitive Market

E rattling rational respective(prenominal) acknowledges that businesses need to be war-ridden in order to thrive. My comparative analysis go out bring in the discordant gravels used in the competitive grocery store and compare the nullify-results of these sits. The quatern models that I forget be comparing are step checklist, transformation model, Mintzbergs physiognomy, and the economic sector analysis. In line with my analysis I will also be using my experience as a sales trafficker for Aramco Oil Company to provide key examples about how these fundamental goes occur on an e real day basis.When comprehending comparative models you must first understand that a model is simply a complex or systematic description of the competitive marketplace. These models are used to aid individuals in seeing the structure or design of the marketplace. Initially, we will focus first on the transformation model and its hand in the marketplace. Looking at the general word transform you w ill see how wisely chosen this process is. To transform is to create something from a rude(prenominal) material. In this model, this transformation occurs when inputs are transformed to outputs. This process is a very high level look at the marketplace.It looks simply at what manner of item when in to the system in order to procure a end result item. Almost exchangeable a circuit, it is the in-s and out-s which keep the market process in a continuous movement and growth. The more raw material which goes into a system the more outputs you expect to see. In my role, as a sales marketer of Aramco Oil Company I see this process every day.The raw material of oil is processed to produce a high demand product, and thus the transformation process is a never-ending cycle. As a model though, this process does not account for all the idiosyncrasies or complex factors that play a role in the create of this high end product. In fact, the process is so high leveled that I see the Step Checklist as a much more logical look at the process (Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony Walsh.)Of the four models being compared, the Step Checklist is by far the most organized in its structural intact and outlook on the competitive market. This checklist looks at the key influences in the competitive marketplace. It focuses on the social, technological, economic, and political influences by concisely breaking down various aspects of how, why, where, when, and what possible make believes they gather in on an organization. Unlike the transformation model, this checklist supplies the analyzer with various possibilities to be on the lookout for when determining a course of action.Furthermore, this checklist allows for a simplistic and widely applicable usage of these factors. Whereas the transformation model was a very board look at the inputs and outputs, this Step Checklist is a systematic perspective of social factors like demographics and age-groups. By loo king at the technological components of the competitive marketplace, a company like my own has the opportunity to ensure that it is staying or making advancements along with the competitive other players.Economic changes can be watched or statistically analyzed to make appropriate changes or adaptations should the competitive marketplace change. My company is a key player in the oil industry and must skunk how its future profitability will be at the best advantage. From a political avenue, this model is essential to make sure that all players in the competitive marketplace are aware of legislative policies or strategies that might affect the industry. Furthermore, politics has a constant role in policies changing or advancements. Should a sales representative like myself not account for this changes our clients will see that we are not staying in line with policies and perhaps be adversely change by our lack of adhering to those policies.This analysis of competitors is a means tow ards identifying the companys competitors, understanding what their strategies are, recognizing their objectives, seeing how their strengths and weaknesses are seen in a checklist manner, and recognizing reaction patterns to those factors which affect the marketplace (Kotler 234-247)Moving on to the Mintzbergs physiognomy model, many analysts might see this model as highly subjective in origin. In comparison to both the Transformation and Step Checklist models, this model is dependent on looking at the actor various players wield in the competitive marketplace or industry. This model stresses that there is a cast of characters in an organization which ranges from owners to employees to special interest groups to various other entities. Based upon this model, we see a very visual federal agency of the marketplace. It is unique to see the differences between the models.Transformation model is seemingly a process flow. The Step Checklist was created based upon influences and logicall y connects or affects upon the industry. Now here we have Mintzbergs physiognomys model. What stuck out at me first is that physiognomy is clearly the study of a persons palm to determine that individuals fate. This destiny is determined based upon a higher source of designer which dictates what is to occur in the future for that individual. Here this model looks at the power play of what will determine the fate of the company based upon the various sectors which play a role in its maintaining profitability (Armson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony Walsh.).It focuses primarily on the strategies or activities of these entities. These strategies or activities will overall affect the competitive industry in some manner. For instance, in my company should the owners fail to provide adequate payment to the employees they can either strike or retain work elsewhere. If the company lacks adequately experienced employees it will fail to retain clients or creditabili ty in the eye of its public. This can potentially damage or hinder the economic profitability or continued success of Aramco Oil Company. If that occurs, as a sales marketer I will have a difficult time convincing others that the company is maintaining its correct directions and gross profit margins.At this time, I will bun right into the economic sector analysis model. The competitive marketplace is built on the ideology of economics. This fundamental model looks at sectors, the environment, and markets. Without bumping the company against its competitors we will fail to recognize where growth or change is required. The sectors themselves compete amongst themselves and there are definite signs of where one company might be affecting or causing a chain-reaction within other companies. For instance, an EDI system allows for less manual maintenance.If a company fails to make appropriate changes or does not advance itself like other, then the other companies in that particular sector will swiftly overtake its market shares. In the oil industry there is often a state of rapid growth and it is wise for a company to watch for such changes. Like the Mintzbergs physiognomy, there is a look at the power players or influences in this model. The power look in this case is the economic sector and other players in that particular sector. All in all, measures must be taken to ensure that the marketplace is watched for its stability, and adversely if unstable occurrences are happening.These models can all be used to determine how the competitive marketplace is doing and how to identify influences that affect it. In general, these models each have their strengths and weaknesses. In general each model can be used to analyze various aspects of the marketplace. This analysis can be broken down into the strategies used to determine how the marketplace needs to react as changes occur in it and around it.Works CitedArmson, Rosalind, John Martin, Susan Carr, Roger Spear, and Tony W alsh. Understanding logical argument Environments Identifying Environmental Issues, 2000Kotler, Philip. Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control. Sixth Edition.New Jersey Prentice Hall, 1988

Marriage and family Essay

capital of Nebraska married Marry Todd (see Fig. 3) on November 4, 1842 who was the daughter of a well-known slave-owner family coming from Kentucky. The couple had some(prenominal)(prenominal) offsprings but only one had survived to wards adulthood, Robert Todd capital of Nebraska was born on August 1, 1843 at Springfield Illinois the other children that died either during their teen eld or early years were Edward Baker (born March 10, 1846 and died February 1, 1850), William Wallace capital of Nebraska (born December 21, 1850 and died February 20, 1862), and Thomas Lincoln (born April 4, 1853 and died July 16, 1871).Figure 2. Photograph of Mary Lincoln Legislative natural action In 1846, Lincoln was elected as a member of the unify States House of Represendatives. As a neophyte member, he was non predominantly potent or a powerful figure. Nonetheless, he relentlessly argued his objections on the Mexican-American War. He eventually challenged the then President Polks desire o f a military harbour and eagerly demanded for a resolution to know the exact spot on the US area the blood was first spilled. After two weeks, President Polk sent a letter of peace treaty to the relation back.5 Lincoln later on damaged his political figure when he made a wrangle on the killings of children, women, and men of those murderers and demons, and God has forgotten to shield the innocent and the weak. This statement drew outrage among the Democrats and was held against him when he applied for a post in the boldness of President Taylor. He decided to give up his political activities for a number of years and concentrated on practicing integrity. In his practice of equity in the mid-1850, Abraham Lincoln handled a vast amount of cases focusing on different aspects.Some were common but others were celebrated such as the case of the Alton and Sangamon railway of 1851, the civil case of Hurd V. Rock Island Bridge Compevery, the criminal trial of William Anderson, to name a few. Lincoln was involved in almost 5,000 cases during his 23 years of practicing law during which he appeared almost 400 clock on the Supreme Court of Illinois State. Republican Politics Abraham Lincoln returned to politics as a reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which was authored by Stephen Douglas of the Democrat.Douglas argued that in a democratic settings the people have the right to choose whether or not their state will allow slavery or not, and the Congress should not impose any decisions on them. Lincoln argued on the matter and established a new Republican Party. Accepting his nomination as a Republican Senator in 1858, Lincoln delivered his famous bringing where it created a reminiscent image of the possible break up or disunion caused by the slave issue. The 1860 presidential Election Lincoln was then elected as the Republican candidate for the 1860 Presidential alternatives.The bearings why he was elected as the candidate stood on the put in of his stand on slav ery, in addition to his perceived western origins. It was thought of he could get the West and the North was the distressed party. During the electoral campaign, Lincoln did not make any speeches for many of the Republicans handled their own State and County. Little effort was made to alter non-Republicans, and there were no relative campaigns in the South. But in the North, a large-scale campaign took place with Republicans speaking on assemblies, leaflets, and editorial newspapers were eminent.6 The campaign focused on the platform of the party, on Lincolns childhood and his rise from poverty, it also showcased his natural gift of intelligence and was given several(prenominal) nicknames such as Rail-Splitter and Honest Abe. The campaign also evince on how a common farm boy can rise to adversity and become successful in life. After the election, Lincoln won the governing body garnering a vast 39. 9% of the total votes, next is Douglas with 29. 5% of the total votes. Presidency an d Civil War.After Abraham Lincoln won the Presidency n 1860, several up rises were eminent coming from the South. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the first step to leave the Union, and soon followed afterwards by six other States in the South. These vii States established a new nation called the Confederate States of America. The new nation consists the States of Maryland, Delaware, North Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Virginia, The newly elected President Lincoln and former President Buchanan two refused to distinguish the newly established confederacy.Though there were several attempts to compromise, such as the Crittenden Compromise, but President Lincoln denounced the proposal and maintained his position for a unified States. He successfully evaded the assassination plot on him in Balti more than on February 23, 1861 and on his inauguration as President on March 4, 1861. muscular troops of German- American Turners were front-lined during on his first i naugural Address. He emphasized on a unified State with strong reference on the United States constitution.But even though he exerted tremendous effort to maintain a unified State, the Confederacy was able to establish itself therefore compromise seemed to be impossible. The inevitable happened on April 1861 when the Union troops were forced to give up the Fort Surnter and eventually surrender. The event forced President Lincoln to call some 75,000 troops to restore the forts, protect the capital state, and eventually preserved the Union. Almost 18,000 rebels were arrested and held in prison, at the same time President Lincoln negotiated with the uprising States.In July 1862, the Second Confiscation Act was implemented liberating the slaves owned by the rebels. The goal of the Act was to weaken the rebellion, which was relatively controlled and led by slave owners. This new law was termed the Emancipation Proclamation, had the support of the Congress for the enactment. To end slaver y was the primary objective of Abraham Lincolns administration, but the American people were relatively soft to clinch the idea.The Act took effect in January 1, 1863 and slaves were freed on territories not under the control of the Union. As the army of the Union continued to march south, more and more slaves were freed until almost the entire Confederates army (mostly slaves) was liberated (approximate 3 Million people). During the war, the Battle of Gettysburg was considered the most devastating and bloodiest among the casualties of both parties. It has brought a big reversion to Lincolns effort towards war and sentiments greatly rose on the war and to President Lincoln.Though political sentiments were eminent, Lincoln was able to establish victories on Vicksburg, Gettysburg, and Chattanooga major victory was at hand. The Confederate army continued to weaken but with high casualties on the part of the Union. As the next election was near, there were fear and doubts if Lincoln w ould be able to sustain his leadership and win again. At the Republican convention, He was then again elected to do for Presidency alongside with Andrew Johnson. They were able to unite the War Democrats and the Republicans under a new-formed Union Party.Lincoln, with the concern of having the possibility of being defeated, made a pledge that if so he would continue to beat the Confederate before turning over the post. This pledge was sealed and signed by him and all of the representatives of the Republican Party. The eventual splitting of the Democratic Party led to the landslide victory of Lincoln garnering a total of 212 out of 233 electoral votes. He outstandingly delivered his second inaugural speech on March 4, 1865 with the victory over the Confederacy was eminent, the slavery was abolished, and he was looking forward for a new future of the Nation.Reconstruction began and his subordinates initiated the integration of the southerly States, what would be the course of action towards the defeated Confederate leaders, and also for the slaves who were freed. Amnesties were given and each affected State was under reconstruction policies. Governors were appointed on Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. The war has officially ended on April 9, 1865 with the Confederate surrendered at the court house in Appromatox. The other rebels also surrendered and there have been no any signs of rising guerilla conflict.During the war, Lincoln has subsequently used his political powers formed a blockade, suspended relatively the writ of habeas corpus, used huge amount of money without any authorization from Congress, imprisoned without trial some 18,000 alleged Confederate leaders and sympathizers. Assassination Though Lincoln was able to unite the States and abolished slavery, many of his detractors were eagerly anticipating a hostage or a possible assassination plot against him. 7 On April 14, 1865, John Wikes sales booth, a Confederate spy, shot Lincoln to the head.Wi th only a single bodyguard on his post, Booth waited for the main line of the play, Our American Cousin, where the audience would be all laughing. He hoped that the magnitude of the audiences laughter would camouflage the gunfire noise. As the main line was told, Booth immediately jumped on the state box and shot Lincoln at point blank. Major Henry Rathbone struggled with Booth but eventually was injured by Booths knife. He jumped from the box to escape and was chased by Federal agents. A nationwide manhunt were conducted for 12 days before he was consequently cornered and shot in a barn house at Virginia, he died soon after.Abraham Lincoln, with a lick on his skull was comatose for 9 hours before finally death crossed his path on April 15, 1865. His remains were returned to the White House and laid inside the eastside room. A train in a funeral grand procession passing through several states on its journey back to Illinois carried his body. Several bronze statues of himself and the grave stood at 54 m. tall surrounded the Lincoln Tomb located at Oak Ridge Cemetery. To prevent continuous attempts to steal and hold Lincolns cadaver for ransom, Robert Lincoln decided to exhume the body of his father and re-buried back with several feet thick of concrete encasement.His death consequently made him a martyr and repeated polls indicated him as one of the most popular and greatest President of the United States. 8 He was clearly personified as an synopsis of values in terms of integrity, honesty, love for freedom, respect for minority and individual rights. He was named after several corporations and structures such as the Lincoln National Corporation, the aircraft mail carrier Abraham Lincoln, and the ballistic missile Abraham Lincoln, to name a few.He had several memorial statues in different States, his birthday was declared a Presidents holiday, the Abraham Lincoln National Cemetery, and the Abraham Lincoln Memorial (see figure 3). Figure 3. The Abraham Linc oln Memorial Abraham Lincoln, the orator and the great debater, can be considered one of the finest Presidents of the United States. Having the gift of bizarre knowledge, being formally educated only for 18 months, he diligently worked aphonic and self-studied to become a successful lawyer. He represents the common people that strived and worked hard to achieve ones ambition.He was the pioneer in the attempt to abolished slavery, he was an advocate of human rights, and strength fully kept and re-united the States in times of rebellion and uprisings. His death, being the first U. S. President to be assassinated, was symbolic and paved the way for him to become an icon of peace, honesty, respect, and love for freedom.References 1 Thomas, Benjamin T. 1952. Abraham Lincoln A Biography. University Press, 18. 2 Kunhardt, Philip G. 1992. Lincoln An Illustrated Biography. Gramercy Books New York, 324 450. 3Lea, Henry James D.1909. The Ancestry of Abraham Lincoln. Houghton Miffin, 65. 4 G oodwin, Doris K. 2005. Team of Rivals The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. McGraw Hill, 101. 5 Waugh, John C. 2007. One Man Great Enough Abraham Lincolns pass to Civil War. Harcourt Publishing, 156. 6Donald, David E. 2003. Lincoln Reconsidered Essay on the Civil War Era. Simon and Schuster, 176. 7 Gienapp, William C. 2002. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America A Biography. McGraw Hill Publishing, 267. 8 Basler, Roy L. 1955. Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Rutg.

The Devil

Proctor for avoiding church and forgetting a commandment. )The spiritual center is the church. I The Devil and Tom Walker Tom is starting to venture out on his own a bit from organized religion a la the transcendentalists, but later in life aerobically comes back to It without real passion or Interest. Halls adamant adherence to religion Is likened to his adamant adherence to greed and rings false. I Transcendentalismorganized religion is not needed and might even be a distraction to the person in booking spiritual enlightenment on ones own.I Land I Nature must be tamed by people and worked to obtain her resources. Forests are unknown and where the heathen Native Americans live. Len The Crucible a mans worth Is often tied up in how many acres he has. I Toms usury is likened to the land grabbers and speculators who made money off selling land In a dishonest way. Native American view that land is not a commodity but a spiritual place. Nature should be preserved in its wild, unadultera ted state to allow for the calming presence it gives the individual as a solace away from busy and corrupting society.Hypocrisy I The Puritans held to the 10 commandments and religious doctrine, yet they were overzealous and ended up putting to closing innocent people on speculation Just because they didnt conform to their rules. I Tom becomes corrupted by greed and sells his soul to the devil. He was once low-down but now greedy and ostentatious. He uses people through his usury. I Holds that the hypocrisy comes from society that corrupts when people become blinded by material things and comparability themselves with others. Therefore, the individual is favored to avoid bad influences of others or via peer pressure, etc.

Pediatric Developmental Analysis Essay

1. Describe the stage the client should be in based on the age. Refer to your text for this information. Include the characteristics of the stage.The client should be in the domesticate age. The developmental task of the school age is to develop industry versus inferiority. The small fry at this stage is learning how to do things well. The children in this stage ar encouraged in their efforts to do practical tasks or make practical things and are praised and rewarded for the finished results, so that their sense of industry grows. It is in this stage likewise that when children are not recognized and are thought of as mischiefs develops a sense of inferiority rather than pride and accomplishment. A childs public during this age grows to include the school and community environment and the success or failure deal have a big impact on the child and on his later stages of development. An important part of developing industry is learning how to solve problems. Parents and teachers help children in doing this by encouraging practice. They mass foster this by allowing the child to commit mistakes and helping the child in the tasks in which he/she has a hard time to do. At this age the child has the ability to spate concepts and retain ideas.2. Describe the stage in which the client is actually functioning. Use the clients behavior to support your claim.The client is in the in the school age where she actively participates in school. She participates in activities such(prenominal) as school plays, recital of poems and associate with her classmates. She can accomplish small tasks independently. She is able to collect items such as dolls. At this stage the child also enjoys helping in the kitchen making cookies and salads. She is also involved in simple science projects and experiments that promote her standoff skills and she has been able to achieve well in her class. She can tell the time, month and can count numbers more appropriately. She can even add and derive simple numbers.3. How was the clients current health problem/admission interfered with accomplishing the developmental tasks for this child?The child has a fever and cough which interfered with her performance in accomplishing things. The child cannot perform well at school and cannot perform the task that she used to because the fever makes her weak that is why the child feels no accomplishments have been made. Since the health condition of the child affects her performance the quality of the work is also at stake thitherfore the child is not able to accomplish the task there is no reward or recognition given to the child in turn the child may feel or develop inferiority. Health problems as simple as fever and cough, reduces the childs chance of doing things and accomplishing things in order to get rewards or acknowledgement therefore the development during this stage may be hindered.4. List activities/ interventions to support or promote this clients growth and developmen t. The client can be fostered with activities such as assembling and complemental small projects so that the child feels rewarded for the accomplishment. Help the child gain independence even if admitted, at the hospital make the child a part of his care. You can do this by simply having the child perform his self care like brushing his teeth, dressing up and other self care activities that are not harmful to his/her condition. according the child to read and write are activities that can help the child pass the hour of sickness. Promote adequate rest and balance with activities. Parents can give encouragement by helping the child in difficult situations or advise them with alternative way of how to accomplish the difficult task. The parents can offer support to the child and praise the child for accomplishments. accept the child to participate in school activities such as sports and other recreational activities Allow the child to make a mistake. If the child makes a mistake do not discourage him or her, instead explain to him why such things take a chance and encourage the child to pursue At home, give the child household responsibilities, such picking up the toys and other scattered materials that are not invasive. Allow the child to express feelings and concerns.

How Does Social Deviation Affect Culture?

Every human coating has members who exhibit deviant behavior. Deviant behavior is any action that is criminal, unacceptable, confusing or just distant to the majority of the cultures members. Each culture differs in its response and handling of deviant behavior. For example, behavior that would land somebody in a mental institution in the United States might cause placement as the village shaman in other cultures. Although deviance might be harmful to a culture, it is similarly essential to ethnical flexibility and change. Crime oUnited States culture classifies some deviant behavior as criminal.This change of behavior has written laws and sanctions against it. Persons who act in such ways are liable to be arrested and penalise in the judicial system. Most crime has victims who are hurt or otherwise negatively impact by the behavior. Criminal behavior influences others in a culture by inducing fear and irritation at the criminals and sadness for the victims. Crime rates appr ise drastically alter cities and neighborhoods in appearance and demographics. Vagrancy oVagrancy deviates from cultural norms requiring that all persons hold taxable employment and reside in a structure zoned for residence give for by rent or mortgage.Vagrancy is an example of a crime gray zone. Anti-vagrancy laws do exist to warn the behavior, but most tribe do not consider the behavior criminal. Rather, populate consider the behavior unacceptable or repulsive. The presence of vagrant behavior can press the success of a city or town business economy, cause others discomfort when confronted with the behavior in the public sphere and reduce the number of persons available for employment. Weakening of Norms oOne of the biggest threats deviation holds to a cultures status quo is the weakening of norms.If too many people are allowed to operate with deviant behavior, the behavioral norm becomes violated. This might occur in a cycle. prof Lisa Barnett of Coe College states that a w eakening of cultural norms might actually cause deviant behavior. Creation of New Norms oThe dexterity of deviant behavior to weaken norms might also provide a positive construction of novel norms. For example, 40 years ago in the United States, most people considered body slap-up to be deviant behavior. It was not illegal, but the culture deemed the act repulsive.As more people began expressing this deviant behavior, norms against body piercing weakened. Today, body piercing is more culturally acceptable than ever in the United States. Revolution oWhen deviants try on not only to go against cultural norms, but also to change them significantly, cultural revolution can occur. Deviants may present a completely alternative lifestyle to what is predominantly held as acceptable. If enough people adopt the deviant lifestyle, the behavior is no longer deviant and itself becomes the norm. The cycle then continues when persons deviate from the fresh established norms.